Biomass Demand Drives Forest Loss
Rising production of wood pellets and chips is creating a new wave of deforestation in Indonesia, according to satellite analysis from environmental organizations. Much of the material is exported, with Japan identified as the largest destination as it tries to expand alternative sources of energy.
Global bioenergy use increased by more than 55% between 2015 and 2024, while biomass provided less than 6% of Japan’s electricity in 2024. Although biomass is promoted as a cleaner option, critics argue that burning wood can release more carbon than coal and that cutting trees weakens forests’ ability to absorb atmospheric carbon.
Indonesian Forests and Communities Face Risks
Environmental groups say biomass production is already clearing Indonesian forests and could expand as more concessions are approved. At least 45 concessions covering more than 750,000 hectares of natural forest have been granted, even though only a limited number of biomass mills are currently operating.
Indigenous communities that depend on these areas may lose land that supports their daily lives and cultures, including the isolated Polahi community. Researchers also warned that future clearing could reach intact habitats used by vulnerable and endangered animals such as tarsiers, endemic buffalo, and pigs.
Beyond biodiversity loss, deforestation can increase erosion and intensify disasters caused by extreme weather. Experts cited by AP said biomass demand should be met through waste and crop residues rather than by converting forest land into areas for energy crops.
Japanese Imports and Subsidies Draw Scrutiny
Japan imported a record 8.64 million tons of wood pellets in 2025, up 35% from the previous year. Imports from Indonesia rose by more than 500%, increasing from 66,460 tons in 2023 to 402,310 tons in 2025, while Japan also provided financial support for Indonesian biomass research, policy, and construction.
New subsidies for large biomass projects have ended, but previously certified facilities can continue receiving support for as long as 20 years after operations begin. Critics say weak due-diligence rules may allow wood connected to deforestation to keep entering Japan, while the country’s Forestry Agency declined to address the link.
References
Milko, V. (2026, September 14). Japan’s biomass energy boom threatens further deforestation in Indonesia. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/biomass-japan-energy-indonesia-deforestation-wood-forest-5a1aa172e1f4e2d193afa4e2e0467171